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Canada » History
Recent History
The 1982 change of the Canadian Constitution gave Canada a firm Charter of Rights and clear independence from Britain. Unfortunately, the negotiations led to renewed antagonism between Quebec and the rest of Canada, which the later Meech Lake Accord failed to smooth over. During the same decade, Canada engaged in violent conflict both abroad in the Gulf War and at home, during the Oka Crisis. In the past decade and a half, Canada experienced one of its longest continuous Prime Ministers (Jean Chrtien), a second Quebec referendum on sovereignty, and the creation of a new territory, Nunavut.
Economic integration with the United States increased after 1940, with the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) of 1994 a defining moment. From the 1980s onward, Canadians worried about their cultural autonomy as American TV shows, movies and corporations became omnipresent. However, Canadians took special pride in their system of universal health care and their commitment to multiculturalism.  Longer Historical PerspectiveInhabited for millennia by First Nations (Aboriginal peoples), Canada has evolved from a group of European colonies into an officially bilingual (English and French), multicultural, federation, having peacefully obtained sovereignty from its last colonial possessor, the United Kingdom. France sent the first large group of settlers in the 17th century, but Canada came to be dominated by the British until the country attained full independence in the 20th century. Its history has been affected by its inhabitants, its geography, and its relations with the outside world. Canada's economy grew in the aftermath of the Second World War, and its policies increasingly turned to social welfare, including hospital insurance, old-age pensions, and veterans' pensions. Due to the post-war baby boom, the government also introduced allowances known as "baby bonuses". The economic boom resulting from wartime investment led the independent Dominion of Newfoundland into a period of transition. In a controversial series of referendums held in 1948, they eventually decided to join in confederation with Canada. At the same time, Canada's foreign policy during the Cold War was deeply connected to that of its neighbour to the south, demonstrated by the establishment an air defence system with the United States, NORAD. 
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